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| Charles Robert Darwin |
1. According to Darwin, Organic evolution is descent with modification.
2. Georges-Louis Buffon spent many years studying Comparative Anatomy.
3. Erasmus Darwin was the grandfather of Darwin and he was extremely interested in the questions of origin and change.
4. Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics proposed by J.B. Lamarck.
5. Organs change as the need arises in the concept of Lamarck.
6. According to Lamarck, the disuse of any organ results in degeneration, and the use of any organ results in the high development of that organ.
7. In 1802, Lamarck published his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
8. A change only passes on to the next generation, if it is based on genetic changes in germ cells.
9. Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809.
10. Darwin made valuable contributions to beetle taxonomy.
11. Galapagos Islands are a group of volcanic islands 900 km off the coast of Ecuador.
12. James Hutton proposed the theory of uniformitarianism.
13. According to Hutton, forces of wind, rain, rivers, volcanoes, and geological uplift shape the earth today, just as they have in the past.
14. "Principles of Geology" was written by Charles Lyell.
15. Darwin found the fossil remains of an extinct hippopotamus-like animal which is now called Toxodon.
16. Galapagos tortoises weigh up to 250 kg.
17. Darwin noticed that tortoises from the drier regions had longer necks.
18. In Galapagos Islands, 14 species of finches arose from an ancestral group.
19. The finches of the Galapagos Islands provide an example of Adaptive Radiation.
20. "Essay on the Principle of Population" was written by Thomas Malthus.
21. Inherited variations arise by random mutation.
22. Traits that promote successful reproduction are said to be adaptive.
23. According to the theory of Natural Selection, all organisms have a far greater reproductive potential than is ever realized.
24. Adaptation refers to a process of change in evolution.
25. Adaptedness or fitness is a measure of the capacity for successful reproduction in a given environment.
26. Evolutionary adaptations lead to perfection.
27. Alfred Russel Wallace was an explorer of the Amazon Valley.
28. In 1859, both Wallace's and Darwin's papers were published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society.
29. Wallace believed that every evolutionary modification was a product of selection and, therefore, had to be adaptive for the organism.
30. Because resources are limited, existence is a constant struggle.
31. The combination of population genetics with Darwinian evolutionary theory is called the Modern Synthesis or Neo-Darwinism.
32. Biogeography provides evidence of prehistoric climates, habitats, and animal distribution patterns.
33. Adaptive traits are perpetuated in subsequent generations.
34. Darwin was nominated as a naturalist to travel around the world on the HMS Beagle in 1831.
35. Crick and Orgel have revived the theory of Panspermia.
36. According to the theory of chemosynthesis, the first protocells were products of chemical evolution.
37. The variety of small organic molecules accumulated in the sea during the first phase of chemical evolution is called Hot dilute Organic Soup by Haldane.
38. In 1953, Stanley Miller designed an apparatus for the synthesis of organic molecules.
39. Organic molecules became associated with one another to form molecular aggregates called protobionts or protocells.
40. The process of polymerization may occur in the second phase of chemical evolution.
41. Coacervate theory was proposed by Oparin in 1938.
42. Thomas Cech and Sydney Altam discovered that modern cells use an RNA catalyst called Riboenzymes.
43. Cyanobacteria were alone on the planet earth for 2 billion years.
44. Lynn Margulis was the first who proposed the endosymbiotic theory.
45. Chemoautotrophs can get energy by oxidizing certain inorganic substances.
46. The ancestors of mitochondrion may have been aerobic bacteria.
47. The protocell is hypothesized to have been a heterotrophic fermenter.
48. Adsorption on Clay Theory was proposed by Graham Cairn and Smith.
49. Phospholipids molecules automatically formed droplets called liposomes in a liquid environment.
50. RNA-first hypothesis was proposed by Orgel and Crick.
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