Terrestrial planets: 

Terrestrial planets are also known as rocky planets and are characterized by their solid, dense surfaces. They are typically smaller in size than gas giants and are composed primarily of rock and metal. The four terrestrial planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

Gas giants: 

Gas giants are also known as Jovian planets and are characterized by their large size and gaseous composition. They are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and have no solid surfaces. The four gas giants in our solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Ice giants: 

Ice giants are similar to gas giants but are primarily composed of ices such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with rock and metal. They have lower mass and gravity than gas giants and have a distinct blue-green color. The two ice giants in our solar system are Uranus and Neptune.

Dwarf planets: 

Dwarf planets are similar to planets but have not cleared their orbits of debris and other objects, which is one of the criteria used to define a planet. They are typically smaller than the eight major planets and are found in the outer solar system. The five recognized dwarf planets in our solar system are Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

Exoplanets: 

Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside of our solar system. They can be classified into several types based on their size, composition, and distance from their host star. Some of the most common types of exoplanets include hot Jupiters, super-Earths, and ice giants.

In conclusion, planets come in different types and sizes, each with its unique characteristics and properties. Understanding the different types of planets can help us better understand the formation and evolution of our solar system and the universe as a whole.

The Quran, the holy scripture of Islam, contains numerous references to astronomy, including descriptions of celestial bodies, their movements, and their relationships with each other. Muslims believe that the Quran is the word of God, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, and therefore view its teachings as authoritative.

 

One of the most well-known astronomical references in the Quran is the mention of the creation of the heavens and the earth in the opening chapter and throughout the book. The Quran also describes the sun and the moon as "two signs" of God's power and guidance and emphasizes their roles in determining the passage of time. 

 Concept of orbits

The Quran also describes the orbits of the sun, moon, and planets, and the various phenomena associated with them, such as eclipses and the phases of the moon. In Surah Al-Anbiya, verse 33, the Quran says that "It is He who created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon, each floating in its orbit."

 Constellations and Big Dipper

Additionally, the Quran refers to the constellations, including the Pleiades (Surah Al-Najm, verse 9) and the Big Dipper (Surah Al-Waqiah, verses 75-77), and describes the stars as being created by God for guidance and navigation (Surah Al-An'am, verse 97).

Muslim scholars throughout history have studied and interpreted these astronomical references in the Quran, using them as a basis for their scientific understanding of the universe. Many modern Muslim scientists also view the Quran as a source of inspiration and guidance in their scientific work, and some have even used its teachings to make discoveries and advance scientific understanding.